2-3_遺傳物質

 

(一) 基因與染色體

A、 遺傳物質之謎:

(1) 1865年孟德爾提出遺傳法則時,並不知遺傳「因子」位於何處,也不知道「因子」的成分是什麼。

(2) 「基因」一詞是在1909年才由丹麥遺傳學家約翰森提出。

(3) 直到二十世紀才證實染色體上的DNA就是遺傳物質。

B、 遺傳的染色體學說:

(1) 提出者:1902年美國學者薩登和法國學者包法利

(2) 發現:生殖細胞行減數分裂時,細胞核內染色體的動態變化和孟德爾遺傳法則中所敘述的因子變化相符,因而提出遺傳因子位於染色體上的觀念。

下列三點是染色體的動態變化和孟德爾遺傳法則相符的說明:

情況

染色體的動態變化

比較

孟德爾的遺傳法則

 

減數
分裂時

減數分裂時,同源染色體互相分離,配子只具有成對染色體中                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             的一條。

符合

個體內的因子兩兩成對,形成配子時,則互相分離。(分離律)

 

減數分裂時,同源染色體互相分離,非同源染色體間可自由組合。

符合

在形成配子時,成對的因子互相分離,不成對的因子則自由配合。(自由配合律)

 

形成
合子時

受精作用使精子與卵結合為合子,合子內的染色體恢復為二倍數,亦即細胞內的染色體是兩兩成對。

符合

生殖時,來自雌、雄配子的因子,在子代體內兩兩組合。

 

觀察事實:親代透過精子和卵的結合產生子代。

推  論:基因必位於精子和卵內。

 

觀察事實:根據孟德爾的實驗,互換親代性別並不影響實驗結果,所以精子和卵對遺傳的貢獻相同,又精子的細胞質極少,與卵相當的構造為細胞核。

推  論:基因必位於細胞核內。

 

觀察事實:減數分裂和受精作用時,細胞核內的染色體動態與基因的行動相符。

推  論:基因必位於染色體上。

 

 

C、 遺傳的染色體學說主要內容:

(1) 遺傳因子(基因)是位於染色體上。

(2) 成對的遺傳因子(基因)分別位於同源染色體上。

 

(二) DNA的構造與功能

A、 DNARNA的化學組成與構造:

(3) 核酸基本構造單位:核苷酸。
  (
核苷酸=磷酸+五碳醣+含氮鹼基)

 

 

五碳醣

DNA

去氧核糖

 

 

RNA

核糖

 

 

含氮
鹼基

DNA

腺嘌呤(A)、鳥糞嘌呤(G)、胞嘧啶(C)、胸腺嘧啶(T)

 

 

RNA

腺嘌呤(A)、鳥糞嘌呤(G)、胞嘧啶(C)、尿嘧啶(U)

 

 

核酸種類

去氧核糖核酸(DNA)

核糖核酸(RNA)

核 苷 酸

磷酸

H3PO4

H3PO4

五碳醣

ZDE021U-2-3-01A
去氧核糖

ZDE021U-2-3-01D
核糖

含氮鹼基

腺嘌呤(A)、鳥糞嘌呤(G)、胞嘧啶(C)、胸腺嘧啶(T)

ZDE021U-2-3-01B

胸腺嘧啶(T)

腺嘌呤(A)、鳥糞嘌呤(G)
胞嘧啶(C)、尿嘧啶(U)

ZDE021U-2-3-01E

尿嘧啶(U)

配對原則

ATCG

AUCG

分子結構

ZDE021U-2-3-01C

雙股螺旋的核苷酸鏈

ZDE021U-2-3-01F

單股的核苷酸鏈

分子量

較大

較小

功能

控制遺傳

合成蛋白質

攜帶訊息

遺傳密碼

密碼子、補密碼

存在部位

染色體、粒線體、葉綠體

核仁、粒線體、葉綠體、核糖體、細胞質

 

(4) DNA的構造:

甲、 雙螺旋模型:1953年由華生和克立克所提出,並在1962獲得諾貝爾獎。

乙、 DNA為雙股平行作螺旋狀旋轉的多核苷酸鏈。

丙、 骨架由磷酸基與五碳醣所構成。

丁、 兩股上的含氮鹼基互相配對,形成鹼基對,因此數目約是ATC=G
(A
CTG  ATCG)

戊、 每條多核苷酸鏈上特定的鹼基排列順序,稱之為鹼基序列。

(5) RNA的化學組成與DNA相似,但結構不完全相同,差異處如下:

甲、 DNA的五碳醣為去氧核糖,RNA則為核糖。

乙、 含氮鹼基方面,RNA中含有尿嘧啶(U),但不含DNA中的胸腺嘧啶(T)

丙、 DNA分子由兩股互補的核苷酸鏈構成;RNA則是核苷酸組成的單股長鏈。

 

 

B、 DN A的結構的發現:

(1) 1952年富蘭克林(Fraenklin, 19201958)DNA結晶後,利用X光繞射分析,得到了DNA的晶體繞射圖。

(2) 1953年由華生(James D. Watson, 1928)和克立克(Francis Crick, 19162004),根據弗蘭克林的X光繞射分析,提出DNA雙螺旋形的分子構造:

(3) DNA為雙股排列,並以螺旋形結構組成。

(4) 每股DNA分子是由四種核苷酸分子,依其特定排列順序聯結而成一條長鏈。

(5) 兩股核苷酸鏈間由鹼基間的氫鍵聯結,其中AT配對、GC配對。
DNA
中一股的序列若為已知,便可推知另一股含氮鹼基之排序。

(6) 根據DNA的構造模式可了解各種生物的不同,乃在於DNA之含氮鹼基排列順序的不同。

C、 DNA的功能:

(1) DNA是主宰生命奧祕的分子。

(2) 生物體藉DNA分子一代一代地複製和傳遞的結果,使子代與親代有相似的遺傳性狀。

D、 DNA的複製:

(1) 時機:進行細胞分裂之前,細胞核內的DNA都必須先複製成兩套相同的分子。

(2) 過程:

甲、 ZDE021U-2-3-05首先,兩股核苷酸鏈彼此分開,兩股各自作為模版。

乙、 以細胞中的四種去氧核苷三磷酸為原料。

丙、 DNA聚合酶依序以互補的鹼基配對(AT配對,CG配對),而合成一股與原有一股完全互補的核苷酸鏈。

(3) 特點:

甲、 複製好的DNA分子與原有的分子相同,而遺傳密碼也才可以完整地延續下去。

乙、 複製完成的DNA分子中,保留一股舊股,合成另一股新股,因此稱為半保留複製。

 

 

(三) 基因的表現

A、 目前已了解基因是透過蛋白質而表現其遺傳性狀。

B、 基因上的遺傳訊息經過轉錄與轉譯以合成蛋白質,再經由蛋白質表現遺傳性狀,此過程稱為分子生物學的中心法則。示意如下:

C、 轉錄:利用DNA的遺傳訊息對應合成RNA的過程。

                    (1) 進行場所:真核生物的轉錄在細胞核進行。

                    (2) 過程:

甲、 起始:DNA的兩股會鬆開。

乙、 延伸:

(a) RNA聚合酶僅以其中一股作為模版。

(b) 依序將四種核苷酸(ATPCTPGTPUTP)與模版中的含氮鹼基互補配對:AU配對,GC配對,TA配對

                    (3) 目的:原DNA所含的遺傳訊息便被記錄到RNA中。

 

D、 RNA的種類與功能:

                    (1) 細胞質中的各種RNA,都是由DNA轉錄而來。

RNA的種類:

 

 

種類

功     能

 

傳訊RNA
(mRNA)

(1) 攜帶著來自DNA的遺傳訊息。

(2) mRNA中每三個核苷酸決定一種胺基酸,此三個核苷酸稱為密碼子。

(3) 3個核苷酸為一組,稱為密碼子,核苷酸有4種,因此可產生
4x4x4
64種密碼子的排列組合:

(4) AUG為起始密碼。

(5) UAAUAGUGA代表停止的訊息,稱為終止密碼子。

(6) 64組密碼子中,有61組密碼指分別對應20種不同的胺基酸,故意種胺基酸對應不指一種密碼子,而一組密碼子只能對應一種胺基酸。

 

轉送RNA
(tRNA)

(1) 負責攜帶特定胺基酸。

(2) 具有反密碼,可與mRNA上的密碼子互補配對。

(3) 依據反密碼的訊息,一種tRNA可攜帶一種特定的胺基酸,不同的胺基酸可由不同的tRNA攜帶。

(4) tRNA中有三個鹼基可與mRNA的密碼子互補,稱反密碼子(補密碼),以便依序將胺基酸連成多肽鏈。

 

核糖體RNA
(rRNA)

(1) rRNA與蛋白質組合成核糖體。

(2) 核糖體是轉譯進行的場所。

 

E、 轉譯:根據RNA的密碼子依序翻譯為胺基酸序列,並連接成為多肽鏈的過程。

                    (1) ZDE021U-2-3-06進行場所:核糖體。

                    (2) 過程:

甲、 起始:核糖體移動到具有密碼子的RNA(mRNA)上,遇到轉譯起始訊號(密碼子:AUG)即開始轉譯。

                    (3) 延伸:

甲、 核糖體在RNA上移動的過程中,另一種攜帶胺基酸的RNA(tRNA)依序按照密碼子的順序,決定出特定的胺基酸序列。

乙、 多個胺基酸再聯結成多肽鏈。

                    (4) 終止:直到RNA上的終止訊號(密碼子:UAAUAGUGA)出現,才停止轉譯工作;當新合成的多肽鏈脫離RNA與核糖體,即完成轉譯的工作

ZDE021U-2-3-08

 

基因表現的過程

DNA a  RNA a 蛋白質 a 構成體質、控制生理活動

說明

(1) 生物傳訊息由DNA攜帶,而遺傳訊息是DNA上含氮鹼基的系列所決定。

(2) 大部分基因表現時,遵守遺傳的中心法則,及細胞將DNA上的遺傳訊息透過轉錄和轉譯的作用,合成蛋白質。

表現的
產物

(1) 基因的產物為蛋白質,許多新合成的蛋白質尚需經過修飾,才能成為具有功能的蛋白質。

(2) 蛋白質的種類:

甲、 構造蛋白:構成生物體構造的主要成分,例如:肌肉、獸角、毛髮及皮膚角質層等。

乙、 功能蛋白:具特定生理作用,有助於生命現象的表現,如:酵素及激素等。

說明

生物間的親緣關係愈接近,則蛋白質的含氮鹼基序列夜愈接近,因此利用DNA序列訊息所合成的蛋白質也會愈接近。

 

轉錄

定義

利用DNA的遺傳訊息對應核程RNA

場所

原核生物

轉錄在細胞核進行

真核生物

轉錄在細胞核進行

過程

轉錄時,DNA的雙股分開

以其中特定一股為模板,再利用RNA聚合酶將游離的核糖核苷酸以UA配對,AT配對,CG配對,GC配對的方式,合成單股RNA

例如:DNAACGATTGCC a UGCUAACGG

 

轉譯

定義

mRNA所轉錄的的遺傳訊息翻譯為胺基酸的過程

場所

原核生物及真核生物的轉譯都在細胞質中進行

過程

轉譯時,核糖體先附著在mRNA上,依據mRNA上的密碼子序列,相對應的tRNA會攜帶胺基酸,依序和mRNA結合;當胺基酸間形成鍵結後,核糖體便移至下一個密碼子的方向移動,直到中止密碼子出現才停止;核糖體離開mRNA,新合成的蛋白質離開核糖體,完成轉譯作用。

 

DNARNA構造】

(   )1. 控制生物的遺傳基本物質,我們稱為
(A)DNA  (B)RNA  (C)基因  (D)染色體。

【答案】(A)

【解析】:控制生物遺傳的基本物質,稱為DNA

 

(   )2. 120個核苷酸組成的DNA分子,最多可形成幾種不同的鹼基序列?
(A)604
  (B)1204  (C)460  (D)4120種。

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA為雙股螺旋狀,含氮鹼基互補配對,120個核苷酸有60組核苷酸,每個核苷酸有4種可能(ATCG),因此共有460種不同的鹼基序列。

 

(   )3. 某生分析3個核酸分子的組成,發現共有5種含氮鹼基、8種核苷酸、4條核苷酸鏈,則此3個核酸分子應為
(A)1DNA2RNA  (B)2DNA1RNA  (C)3DNA  (D)3RNA

【答案】(A)

【解析】DNA是去氧核醣核酸,為雙股核苷酸鏈,含4種含氮鹼基(ATCG)RNA是核糖核酸,為單股核苷酸鏈,含4種含氮鹼基(AUCG)
5種含氮鹼基,必同時有DNARNA;而3個核酸分子有4條核苷酸鏈,因此DNA應為1條,RNA2條。

 

(   )4. 已知一DNA分子含有100個含氮鹼基對,其中A55個,則此DNA分子連續複製2次,需用到幾個C
(A)90
  (B)110  (C)135  (D)180個。

【答案】(C)

【解析】:有55A,會有55T
因此CG共有100x255x290C90245個。
複製2次時,須用到胞嘧啶C4545x2135個。

 

(   )5. 含氮鹼基間的配對下列何者正確?
(A)AT  (B)CU  (C)GT  (D)TU

【答案】(A)

【解析】DNA中的含氮鹼基配對ATCG互相配對。
轉錄RNA時,含氮鹼基配對為AUTACGGC

 

(   )6. 下列何者不是構成RNA分子的基本元素?
(A)O  (B)N  (C)P
 (D)S

【答案】(D)

【解析】RNA含核糖(五碳糖),因此含CHO;含磷酸基,因此有P元素,含氮鹼基,因此有N,但是沒有S的成分。

 

(   )7. 下列何者是DNA分子的基本單元結構?(105-1-1磷酸基、105-1-2鹼基、105-1-3去氧核糖)

【答案】(A)

【解析】DNA為含氮鹼基105-1-2與磷酸基105-1-1分別接在14C元素的位置。

 

(   )8. 下列有關DNARNA的敘述,何者錯誤?
(A)DNA
為雙股,RNA為單股  (B)DNA的五碳醣為核糖,RNA的五碳醣為去氧核糖  (C)DNARNA均由四種核苷酸組成  (D)DNA的含氮鹼基中有TRNA的含氮鹼基中有U

【答案】(B)

【解析】(B)DNA的五碳醣為去氧核糖,RNA的五碳醣為核糖

 

(   )9. DNA不含有下列何種含氮鹼基?
(A)
腺嘌呤  (B)鳥嘌呤  (C)胞嘧啶  (D)脲嘧啶

【答案】(D)

【解析】DNAA(dATP)腺嘌呤、T(dTTP)胸腺嘧啶、C(CTP)包嘧啶、G(GTP)鳥糞嘌呤。
RNA
才含有U(UTP)脲嘧啶。

 

(   )10. 在生物界組成核酸的核苷酸共有幾種?
(A)4  (B)5  (C)8  (D)很多種。

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNARNA各有4種核苷酸,因此
4
48種核苷酸。

 

(   )11. (a)一個基因;(b)一條染色體;(c)一個DNA分子;(d)細胞核;(e)核苷酸。以上是取自何小一口腔皮膜細胞的若干種成分,請比較其大小。由小到大依序排列,下列何者正確?
(A)a
bcde  (B)ecabd  (C)eacbd  (D)aecbd

【答案】(C)

【解析】:細胞核內有染色體,染色體含纏繞的DNADNA上有許多的基因,基因由不同的核苷酸序列組成。因此(e)核苷酸<(a)基因<(c)DNA(b)染色體<(d)細胞核。

 

(   )12. 下列有關核酸的敘述何者正確?
(A)
構成DNARNA的核苷酸總共有5  (B)其組成元素包括了CHONS  (C)DNA含有核糖,RNA則含有去氧核糖  (D)DNA結構為雙股螺旋,RNA為單股

【答案】(D)

【解析】:(A)構成DNA的核苷酸有4種、而構成RNA的核苷酸也有不同的4種,因此共有8種。  (B)核苷酸含一個五碳糖及磷酸基,以及含氮鹼基,因此含有CHONP等元素。  (C)DNA的五碳糖含去氧核糖,RNA的五碳糖含核糖。

 

(   )13. 組成DNARNA的單磷酸核苷共有幾種?
(A)4
  (B)5  (C)8  (D)12種。

【答案】(C)

【解析】:組成DNA的含氮鹼基有4種:ATCG,組成RNA的含氮鹼基也有4種:AUCG,但DNARNA之五碳醣不同,故共有核苷酸8種。

 

(   )14. 某段雙股DNA共有磷酸100個,腺嘌呤20個,則此段DNA的嘧啶與去氧核糖各有多少?
(A)20
100  (B)3050  (C)5050  (D)50100

【答案】(D)

【解析】:再DNA的結構中,100個磷酸基,連接100個五碳糖(去氧核糖),及100個含氮鹼基,其中嘌呤數(AG)=嘧啶數(TC),因此嘌呤含50個,嘧啶含50個。

 

(   )15. 雙股DNA分子若有2,000個五碳醣,則此DNA中應有多少個鹼基配對組?有多少個嘌呤類核苷酸?
(A)1,000
2,000  (B)2,0001,000  (C)1,0001,000  (D)1,000500

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA為雙股螺旋,2000個五碳糖中,每股含1000個核苷酸序列,可以連接1000個含氮鹼基,因此共有1000個鹼基配對組,含2000個含氮鹼基;而嘌呤數=嘧啶數,因此含1000個嘌呤類核苷酸(AG),及1000個嘧啶核苷酸(TC)

 

(   )16. 有關DNA,下列敘述何者正確?
(A)
細菌的DNA位在細胞核中  (B)組成DNA的五碳醣中不含氧元素  (C)同一個體內,體細胞之遺傳物質相同  (D)真核細胞內的DNA是由去氧核糖核酸和蛋白質所組成。

【答案】(C)

【解析】:(A)細菌為原核生物,沒有細胞核,DNA位在細胞質中。  (B)DNA中的去氧核糖僅2C上不含O,其他C仍有氧。  (D)真核細胞內的染色體是由DNA和蛋白質組成。

 

(   )17. 下列何者不是組成DNA的基本單元?
(A)
鳥嘌呤核苷酸  (B)腺嘌呤核苷酸  (C)胞嘧啶核苷酸  (D)脲嘧啶核苷酸

【答案】(D)

【解析】DNA不含脲嘧啶(U)RNA內才含脲嘧啶。

 

(   )18. 華生和克立克兩位學者利用X射線繞射研究結果提出DNA結構分子模型為何?
(A)
線性單股構造  (B)單股螺旋構造  (C)雙股線性構造  (D)雙股螺旋構造

【答案】(D)

【解析】華生和克立克觀察富蘭克林的X光繞射DNA結晶,建立了螺旋模式的DNA雙股螺旋模型。

 

(   )19. 組成DNARNA的含氮鹼基共有多少種?
(A)5  (B)8  (C)10  (D)12

【答案】(A)

【解析】:含氮鹼基有A(腺嘌呤)T(胸腺嘧啶)C(胞嘧啶)G(鳥嘌呤)U(脲嘧啶)共五種,而含氮鹼基所組成的核苷酸,則有8種。

 

(   )20. 下列何者提出DNA雙股螺旋結構模型?
(A)華生和克立克  (B)洒吞(薩登)與巴夫來(包法利)  (C)富蘭克林  (D)查加夫。

【答案】(A)

【解析】(A)華生和克立克提出DNA的雙螺旋構造模型。
(B)
洒吞(薩登)與巴夫來(包法利)提出遺傳的染色體學說。 
(C)
富蘭克林以X射線進行DNA結晶的繞射。 
(D)
查加夫(查卡夫)分析DNA的含氮鹼基,發現任何的組織細胞中,AT的數量大約相等,CG的數量大約相等,此關係稱為查卡夫原則。

 

(   )21. 下列何種是組成DNA的基本單位?
(A)RNA  (B)
脂肪酸  (C)核苷酸  (D)含氮鹼基。

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA是由兩組的核苷酸鏈組成雙螺旋的梯架,而含氮鹼基則以氫鍵連結構成梯級,核苷酸為構成DNA的基本單位。

圖2-41

(   )22. abDNA之雙股核苷酸鏈簡圖,下列關於DNA構造的敘述,何者正確?
(A)
核苷酸彼此間於磷酸基和含氮鹼基相接聚合  (B)a股所含嘌呤數和b股所含嘌呤數相等  (C)二股核苷酸鏈間以氫鍵互相連接  (D)各股所含嘌呤數目與嘧啶數相等。

【答案】(C)

【解析】:ab為兩股核苷酸鏈組成DNA的梯架,每個核苷酸以磷酸基及五碳糖連結;含氮鹼基構成梯級,而兩股含氮鹼基以氫鍵相連結,AT間為2個氫鍵,CG間為3個氫鍵。(D)各股所含之嘌呤數和嘧啶數無絕對相關。

 

(   )23. 下列含氮鹼基的配對,何者正確?
(A)AU  (B)CA  (C)TU  (D)GT

【答案】(A)

【解析】DNA轉錄RNA時的鹼基配對,AUTACGGC

 

(   )24. DNA所含的含氮鹼基有ATCG四種,它們化學鍵的互補對應方式是
(A)A
G  (B)CG  (C)TG  (D)CC

【答案】(B)

【解析】DNA轉錄RNA時的鹼基配對,AUTACGGC

 

(   )25. DNA分子中沒有下列哪一種元素?
(A) S  (B)P  (C) N  (D)O

【答案】(A)

【解析】DNA的構造中含磷酸基、五碳糖、含氮鹼基,因此只含有CHONP的成分,不含S的成分。

 

(   )26. DNARNA共有多少種核苷酸?
(A)4  (B)5 
(C)8  (D)9

【答案】(C)

【解析】:含氮鹼基有A(腺嘌呤)T(胸腺嘧啶)C(胞嘧啶)G(鳥嘌呤)U(脲嘧啶)共五種,而DNA為去氧核糖,RNA為核糖;DNARNA的核苷酸中午碳糖成分不同,因此各有4種含氮鹼基,可產生8種不同的核苷酸。

 

(   )27. 下列何種含氮鹼基不存在於DNA中?
(A)
腺嘌呤  (B)胞嘧啶  (C)胸腺嘧啶  (D)脲嘧啶

【答案】(D)

【解析】DNA中僅含ATCG等含氮鹼基,不含U(脲嘧啶)

 

(   )28. 核苷酸不包含下列哪一分子?
(A)
含氮鹼基  (B)五碳醣  (C)磷酸基  (D)六碳醣

【答案】(D)

【解析】:核苷酸的結構含五碳糖、磷酸基、含氮鹼基,不含六碳糖。

 

(   )29. 各生物彼此間的基因之所以不同,主要是因為
(A)組成基因的核苷酸排列順序不同  (B)組成基因的核苷酸種類不同  (C)組成基因的含氮鹼基種類不同  (D)製造基因的酵素不同。

【答案】(A)

【解析】:染色體上由於不同的含氮鹼基排列,產生不同的核苷酸,因此生物表現出不同的性狀特徵。

 

(   )30. DNA分子中,具有4種含氮鹼基ATCG,若以含氮鹼基之字母表示其在DNA中所含之數目,下列哪種含氮鹼基數目之比例會因生物種類不同而不同?
(A)  (B) 
(C)  (D)

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA配對時ATCG配對;因此ATCG,所以

 

(   )31. 關於生物細胞中的DNA,其含氮鹼基間的數量關係,下列何者錯誤
(A)
嘌呤數=嘧啶數  (B)CG  (C)  (D)

【答案】(D)

【解析】DNA配對時ATCG配對;因此ATCG
A
GTC,因此嘌呤數=嘧啶數。 

 

(   )32. DNA分子兩股核苷酸鏈之間,是靠哪一種鍵結的力量結合在一起?
(A)
碳氫鍵  (B)氫鍵  (C)離子鍵  (D)共價鍵。

【答案】(B)

【解析】A核苷酸與T核苷酸間含氮鹼基以2條氫鍵相連結。
C
核苷酸與G核苷酸間含氮鹼基以3條氫鍵相連結。

 

(   )33. 雙股DNA中其中一股含氮鹼基序列為ATTCAAGGCA,配對之另一股含氮鹼基序列為何?
(A)ATTCAAGGCA
  (B)TAAGTTCCGT  (C)UAAGUUCCGU  (D)AUUGAACCGA

【答案】(B)

【解析】DNA的含氮鹼基配對中,AT配對,CG配對。
DNA中其中一股含氮鹼基序列為ATTCAAGGCA
 
則配對之另一股含氮鹼基序列為TAAGTTCCGT

 

(   )34. 關於DNA的敘述,下列何者錯誤
(A)
一個人身體的每一個體細胞,其內所含之DNA均相同  (B)DNA複製時屬於半保留複製  (C)由兩股多核FA4B酸鏈組成  (D)每個人之DNA鹼基序列大多不相同,只有小部分相同

【答案】(D)

【解析】(A)同一生物中,身體裡的每一個體細胞,所含的DNA均相同。  (B)DNA複製屬於半保留複製,一股新的,一股舊的。  (C)DNA為雙股螺旋,由兩股多核苷酸鏈所組成。  (D)每個人之DNA含氮鹼基的序列大多相同,只有小部分不相同。

 

(   )35. 某生物細胞的RNA分子有24%的腺嘌呤、20%的脲嘧啶,則合成此RNADNA分子中G占多少?
(A)28  (B)30  (C)32  (D)60%。

【答案】(A)

【解析】RNA含腺嘌呤(A)24%,因此原有的DNAT24%,RNA含脲嘧啶(U)20%,因此原有的DNAA20%,原有的DNAAT44%,因此CG56%,
CG,因此G28%。

(   )36. 兔子和胡蘿蔔的細胞成分中,下列何者相同?
(A)ATP  (B)DNA  (C)RNA  (D)蛋白質。

【答案】(A)

【解析】:兔子與胡蘿蔔為不同生物,因此具有不同的DNA,會轉錄成不同的RNA,再轉譯成不同的蛋白質。
ATP
為高能核苷酸,為基本分子,個生物中所含成分都相同。

 

(   )37. 有關DNA分子之構造和複製方式,下列何者錯誤?
(A)DNA
為雙股螺旋狀,兩股平行排列 (B)雙股之含氮鹼基順序相同 (C)嘌呤和嘧啶各占50% (D)複製時,須DNA聚合酶參與 (E)複製方式為半保留複製。

【答案】(B)

【解析】(B)DNA的雙股含氮鹼基之排列為兩股平行互補配合,因此兩股的含氮鹼基順序不同。  (C)由於AT配對,CG配對,因此ATCG,嘌呤(AG)和嘧啶(CT)各占50%。  (D)DNA聚合酶依序以互補的鹼基配對(AT配對,CG配對),而合成一股與原有一股完全互補的核苷酸鏈。  (E)真核細胞中,DNA複製發生在細胞核內,以一條舊的複製一條新的,稱為半保留複製。

 

(   )38. 某生分析一個核酸樣品的結果如下:A─25%,G─35%,T─30%。這個樣品最有可能是下列何者?
(A)
雙股RNA  (B)單股RNA  (C)雙股DNA  (D)單股DNA  (E)資料不足以判斷。

【答案】(D)

【解析】:若為DNA,則AT互相配對,則AT的數量應相等,此題AT的數量不等,因此應為單股的DNARNA中沒有T(胸腺嘧啶)

 

(   )39. 已知一個DNA分子中,共有1000個含氮鹼基,A的數目為350個,則下列數字何者錯誤?
(A)
嘌呤=嘧啶=500  (B)AG500  (C)AT500  (D)CG150

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA為雙股核苷酸鏈,AT的數量相等,因此A350個,T應有350個。
A
T350350700CG1000700300,所以
C
G3002150個。    AG350150500個。
嘌呤有AG,嘧啶有TC,所以AG350150500CT150350500個,所以嘧啶數=嘌呤數。

 

(   )40. 111-2有一段DNA序列如右圖,甲、乙兩股互相配對組合,請問乙股的序列為何?
(A)AUAUCAGGCA  (B)UAUAGUCCGU 
(C)TATAGTCCGT  (D)ATATCAGGCA

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA複製過程,AT配對,CG配對;因此乙為TATAGTCCGT

 

DNA複製】

(   )1. DNA在真核細胞中進行複製,試問子代DNA的兩條核苷酸鏈為何?
(A)
兩條都是新的  (B)兩條都是舊的  (C)一條新的,一條舊的  (D)每一條中新、舊交雜。

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA複製採半保留複製,兩股各自合成新股,因此新產生的DNA中含有一條舊的核苷酸鏈,一條新的核苷酸鏈。

 

(   )2. 已知一DNA分子含有100個含氮鹼基對,其中A55個,則此DNA分子連續複製2次,需用到幾個C? 
(A)90
個 (B)110個 (C)135個 (D)180個。

【答案】(C)

【解析】:有55A,會有55T
因此CG共有100x255x290C90245個。
複製2次時,須用到胞嘧啶C4545x2135個。

 

(   )3. 甲、鹼基配對;乙、兩股鬆開;丙、DNA聚合酶催化;丁、原有兩股為模板。DNA複製的順序為何? 
(A)
乙甲丁丙 (B)乙丁甲丙 (C)甲乙丁丙 (D)丁甲乙丙。

【答案】(B)

【解析】DNA複製的順序為:乙、兩股鬆開;丁、以原有兩股為模板

 

(   )4. 下列有關真核生物DNA複製與轉錄作用的敘述,何者正確? 
(A)皆以DNA為模板 (B)皆需要DNA聚合酶的協助 (C)皆使用去氧核糖核苷酸為原料 (D)皆需要RNA聚合酶的協助。

【答案】(A)

【解析】DNA複製是以兩股為模板;轉錄RNA則是以其中一股為模板。
DNA
複製需要以DNA聚合酶,轉錄RNA需要RNA聚合酶。
DNA
複製以去氧核糖為原料,轉錄RNA則是以核糖為原料。

 

(   )5. 某細胞中的一條染色體如下圖所示(白色代表不具有放射性),將此細胞置入有放射性35P的培養基中培養,經複製而生成的染色體,其放射性存在情形如何?(黑色表示具高放射性,灰色表示具一半強度放射性) 
(A)116-1(A)
 (B)116-1(B) (C)116-1(C) (D)116-1(D)

【答案】(C)

【解析】:將細胞浸入高放射性培養基中,整條染色體都標記35P,複製後的染色體,具有原來相同的性質,同樣具有高放射性。

 

(   )6. 下列四圖為複製後的DNA,請問下列何者正確?(實線表示舊股,虛線表示新股)
(A)2-女高-3-單32
 (B)2-女高-3-單32 (C)2-女高-3-單32 (D)2-女高-3-單32

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA複製成雙股螺旋狀,其中一股為舊股,另一股為新股;兩股互相平行纏繞。

 

(   )7. 關於分子生物學的中心法則,下列敘述何者正確? 
(A)DNA複製採取半保留法 (B)RNA也可複製 (C)只有真核生物符合中心法則 (D)RNADNA都可做為生物細胞的遺傳物質。

【答案】(A)

【解析】DNA複製為半保留複製,先以解旋酶將兩股核苷酸鏈解開,兩股各自作為模板,DNA聚合酶依序以互補的鹼基配對(ATCG),合成一股與原來互補的核苷酸鏈,由於其中一股為舊有的核苷酸鏈,因此稱為辦保留複製法。
DNA
以複製的方式,RNA則需透過DNA轉錄而成。
原核細胞與真核細胞都符合分子生物學的中心法則,差別在原核生物的轉錄在細胞質進行;真核生物的轉錄則在細胞核中進行。

 

(   )8. 關於DNA的敘述,下列何者錯誤? 
(A)
一個人身體的每一個體細胞,其內所含之DNA均相同 (B)DNA複製時屬於半保留複製 (C)由兩股多核FA4B酸鏈組成 (D)每個人之DNA鹼基序列大多不相同,只有小部分相同

【答案】(D)

【解析】(A)同一生物中,身體裡的每一個體細胞,所含的DNA均相同。  (B)DNA複製屬於半保留複製,一股新的,一股舊的。  (C)DNA為雙股螺旋,由兩股多核苷酸鏈所組成。  (D)每個人之DNA含氮鹼基的序列大多相同,只有小部分不相同。

 

(   )9. DNA在真核細胞中進行複製,試問子代DNA的兩條核苷酸鏈為何? 
(A)
兩條都是新的 (B)兩條都是舊的 (C)一條是新的,一條是舊的 (D)每一條中新、舊交雜。

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA複製採半保留複製,兩股各自合成新股,因此新產生的DNA中含有一條舊的核苷酸鏈,一條新的核苷酸鏈。

 

(   )10. 下列有關DNA分子構造和複製的敘述,何者正確? 
(A)
雙股含氮鹼基之排列順序相同 (B)嘌呤(AG)和嘧啶(CT)各占50 (C)複製時,AG配對,CT配對 (D)真核細胞中,複製發生在細胞質中。

【答案】(B)

【解析】(A)DNA的雙股含氮鹼基之排列互補配合,因此兩股的含氮鹼基順序不同。  (B)由於AT配對,CG配對,因此ATCG,嘌呤(AG)和嘧啶(CT)各占50%。  (C)複製時,AT配對,CG配對  (D)真核細胞中,DNA複製發生在細胞核內。

 

(   )11. 下圖為DNA複製的概念圖,實線表示舊股,虛線表示新股,請問何者正確?
(A)2-南一-3-單5-A
 (B)2-南一-3-單5-b (C)2-南一-3-單5-c (D)2-南一-3-單5-d

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA複製成雙股螺旋狀,其中一股為舊股,另一股為新股,稱為半保留複製。

 

(   )12. 下列有關DNA的敘述,何項錯誤? 
(A)
呈雙股螺旋,該兩股均為核苷酸鏈 (B)複製時產生的兩條DNA分子均保留一股原來的核苷酸鏈,一股為新合成的核苷酸鏈 (C)複製過程在細胞質中進行 (D)人體DNA中,所含的嘌呤和嘧啶數目相等。

【答案】(C)

【解析】(C)錯誤,DNA的複製是在標核中進行;將DNA轉錄成RNA的過程,也是在細胞質進行。RNA轉譯成蛋白質的過程則在細胞質的核糖體中進行。

 

(   )13. DNA進行複製時,細胞不包括下列哪個過程的發生? 
(A)
解開雙股螺旋結構 (B)胺基酸合成 (C)含氮鹼基互補配對 (D)需要酵素催化。

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA複製時,先以酵素解開雙股螺旋結構,再以互補的含氮鹼基配對,酵素將核苷酸鏈合成,形成一條新的一條舊的DNA
過程中不會合成胺基酸,只有將RNA轉譯成蛋白質的過程,才會出現胺基酸。

 

(   )14. 若有一DNA的片段,其含氮鹼基序列為 GGCATC,則下列何者為此DNA片段複製時所複製的DNA片段? 
(A)GGCATC
 (B)CTACGG (C)CCGUAG (D)CCGTAG

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA以互補的方式複製,因此GGCATC的互補模式為CCGTAG

 

(   )15. 有關DNA分子的敘述,何者正確? 
(A)
雙股DNA中兩股的含氮鹼基排列順序相同 (B)DNA中有尿嘧啶分子 (C)DNA複製時製造出全新的DNA,故為全保留方式複製 (D)DNA為兩股平行且呈螺旋狀排列的雙股多核苷酸鏈

【答案】(C)

【解析】(A)雙股DNA中兩股的含氮鹼基排列順序為互補配合。 (B)DNA中有T胸腺嘧啶分子,RNA有脲嘧啶(U)分子。 (C)DNA複製時製造出一條新的一條舊的DNA,稱為半保留複製。 
(D)
正確,DNA為兩股平行且互補,呈螺旋狀排列的雙股多核苷酸鏈。

 

 

【轉錄與轉譯】

(   )1. 分子生物學的中心法則與DNARNA及蛋白質有關,此三種化合物的關係,下列何者正確?(A)DNARNA蛋白質  (B)DNARNA蛋白質  (C)RNADNA蛋白質  (D)RNADNA蛋白質。

【答案】(B)

【解析】DNA轉錄成為RNARNA再轉譯成為蛋白質。

 

(   )2. DNA的遺傳密碼為ATC,此遺傳密碼轉錄成的RNA上相對應的含氮鹼基序列為何?
(A)TAG 
(B)UAG  (C)AUC  (D)ATC

【答案】(B)

【解析】DNA轉錄RNA時,AUTACGGC
ATC
應轉錄成UAG

 

(   )3. DNA片段,其鹼基序列為TAGGAC,在轉錄作用時,會形成下列何者鹼基序列? 
(A)ATCCTG  (B)TUGGUC
 (C)AUCCUG  (D)CGAAGT

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA轉錄RNA時,TAAUGCCG,因此
TAGGAC
轉錄成AUCCUG

 

(   )4. DNA分子中的AT占所有含氮鹼基的40%,則由此DNA分子轉錄而來的RNA分子,其中的CG應占所有鹼基的
(A)30%  (B)40%  (C)60%  (D)80%

【答案】(A)

【解析】DNA為雙股核苷酸鏈,轉錄RNA時,僅有單股進行。
因此AT共佔40%,CG共佔60%,
DNA
單股轉錄RNA時,CG含有60230%。

 

(   )5. 人體細胞何種構造內可完整的進行「DNA→RNA→蛋白質」過程?
(A)
細胞核  (B)粒線體  (C)核糖體  (D)內質網。

【答案】(B)

【解析】:粒線體內含特定的DNA(粒線體DNAmtDNA),因此能進行轉錄產生RNA,再進行轉譯,產生蛋白質。
轉譯需要核糖體,核糖體內含rRNA和蛋白質,不含DNA,因此核糖體不進行轉錄。

 

(   )6. 某段核酸序列為-CGTTAGAT-,若轉錄後新形成的應為何者?
(A)-CGTTAGCT-  (B)-GCAATCTA-
 (C)-GCAAUCUA-  (D)-CGAAUCUU-

【答案】(C)

【解析】 轉錄RNA時,含氮鹼基配對為AUTACGGC
-CGTTAGAT-
經過轉錄後形成 -GCAAUCUA-

 

(   )7. RNA分子的含氮鹼基中A20%,C30%,則轉錄的DNA模板股中可確定
(A)U
20  (B)G30  (C)C20  (D)A30%。

【答案】(B)

【解析】DNA轉錄RNA時,TAGC
因此DNA模板中TA20%,GC30%。DNA模板中沒有脲嘧啶(U)

 

(   )8. 下列有關真核生物DNA複製與轉錄作用的敘述,何者正確?
(A)皆以DNA為模板  (B)皆需要DNA聚合酶的協助  (C)皆使用去氧核糖核苷酸為原料  (D)皆需要RNA聚合酶的協助。

【答案】(A)

【解析】DNA複製是以兩股為模板;轉錄RNA則是以其中一股為模板。
DNA
複製需要以DNA聚合酶,轉錄RNA需要RNA聚合酶。
DNA
複製以去氧核糖為原料,轉錄RNA則是以核糖為原料。

 

(   )9. 根據生命運作的原理,下列何者是DNARNA及蛋白質之間的正確關係順序?
(A)
蛋白質→DNA→RNA  (B)DNA→蛋白質→RNA  (C)RNA→DNA→蛋白質  (D)DNA→RNA→蛋白質

【答案】(D)

【解析】:分子生物學的中心法則:DNA轉錄為RNARNA轉譯為蛋白質。

 

(   )10. 真核細胞的轉錄與轉譯作用分別發生於何處?
(A)
細胞核、細胞核  (B)細胞核、細胞質  (C)細胞質、細胞核  (D)細胞質、細胞質。

【答案】(B)

【解析】:真核細胞DNA轉錄RNA,在細胞核中進行;RNA轉譯蛋白質,則在細胞質中進行。

 

(   )11. 依照RNA的序列合成蛋白質的過程稱為什麼?
(A)
轉錄  (B)轉譯  (C)同化  (D)異化。

【答案】(B)

【解析】DNA轉錄成為RNARNA轉譯成為蛋白質。

 

(   )12. DNA經轉錄作用形成RNA時,原DNA上含氮鹼基若為ARNA上與A對應核苷酸為何?
(A)T
,因為嘌呤和嘧啶配對  (B)U,因為RNA沒有T  (C)A,因為RNA沒有T  (D)U,因為轉錄作用為嘌呤和嘌呤配對。

【答案】(B)

【解析】:進行轉錄時,DNA上的T(胸腺嘧啶)RNAA(腺嘌呤)配對,而DNA上的A(腺嘌呤)RNA上的U(脲嘧啶)配對,因為RNA上只有U(脲嘧啶)沒有T(胸腺嘧啶)

 

(   )13. 下列有關基因表現的敘述,何者正確?
(A)DNA
經轉譯作用產生RNA  (B)RNA經轉錄作用產生DNA  (C)蛋白質經轉錄作用產生RNA  (D)RNA經轉譯作用產生蛋白質

【答案】(D)

【解析】DNA經轉錄作用,產生RNARNA經轉譯作用,產生蛋白質。

 

(   )14. 細胞進行轉譯的產物為何?
(A)DNA  (B)RNA
 (C)蛋白質  (D)醣類。

【答案】(C)

【解析】DNA經轉錄作用,產生RNARNA經轉譯作用,產生蛋白質。

 

(   )15. 有關真核細胞中,DNA→RNA的過程,下列敘述何者正確?
(A)
為複製過程,在細胞核中進行  (B)為轉錄過程,在細胞核中進行  (C)為轉錄過程,在細胞質中進行  (D)為轉譯過程,在細胞質中進行。

【答案】(B)

【解析】DNA產生RNA的過程,稱為轉錄,轉錄作用在細胞核內進行。

 

(   )16. 真核細胞依照RNA的序列合成蛋白質的過程稱為什麼?發生在何處?
(A)
轉錄、細胞核  (B)轉錄、核糖體  (C)轉譯、細胞核  (D)轉譯、核糖體

【答案】(D)

【解析】:依照RNA序列產生的蛋白質,稱為轉譯。
轉譯作用在細胞質進行,需有核糖體參與。

 

(   )17. 血紅素製造過程中需:RNADNA胺基酸等,其參與的順序應為
(A)
 (B)  (C)  (D)

【答案】(B)

【解析】DNA先轉錄RNARNA再轉譯蛋白質。

 

(   )18. 一個基因經過轉錄、轉譯後,可產生下列何者?
(A)
一個胺基酸  (B)一個蛋白質  (C)一個核酸  (D)一個脂質。

【答案】(B)

【解析】:基因為DNA的一部份,經轉錄,產生RNA,再經轉譯,產生蛋白質。